SENTENCE PATTERNS
SENTENCE
PATTERN 1: Independent Clause (IC.)
An
independent clause (IC) is a complete sentence that can stand alone.
An
independent clause is a complete thought.
An
IC must have BOTH a subject (noun or pronoun)
and a verb (action word).
Examples:
The grizzly devoured
the salmon.
The bear plunked
down.
An
IC can also contain adjectives, adverbs, and prepositional phrases.
Examples:
The weak, hungry grizzly greedily devoured
the salmon.
The weary bear lazily plunked
down for a nap.
SENTENCE PATTERN 2: Adjective + adjective, IC.
IC = subject + verb
This
pattern begins with one or more adjectives, followed by IC (S+V).
An adjective describes a noun or pronoun.
Here are just a few examples of adjectives:
colorful blue
sparkling beautiful shiny
clear immaculate rocky courageous soft pink
bright cute dark
hungry rebellious
gigantic purple
filthy fuzzy
rough tiny prickly
clean spotless radiant
peculiar miniscule evil
precarious dandy hyperactive
gorgeous ecstatic
gloomy mischievous caring
huge demonic seamy
professional ugly hideous
strategic lazy frilly
microscopic lacy spectacular
amazing devious heinous
awesome disgusting
slimy freezing dexterous
In SP-2, the adjectives must describe the subject of the sentence when they come before the IC.
Examples:
Lazy but clever, the student
contrived a colorful excuse for his missing homework.
NOT: The lazy, clever student contrived....
Subversive and
seamy, the terrorists
attacked New York City on September 11, 2001.
NOT: The subversive, seamy
terrorists attacked...
Skillful and
dexterous, baseball
players generally catch pop flies and line drives.
NOT: The skillful and dexterous baseball players...
SENTENCE
PATTERN 3: Adverb + adverb, Independent
Clause (Adv + adv, IC.)
This pattern begins with two adverbs,
followed by a comma and then the IC.
An
adverb modifies a verb.
It tells how, when, where, or to what extent the action took place.
Adverbs Open this link for more information about adverbs.
List of adverbs Open this link for a list of adverbs.
Examples:
Hungrily
and greedily,
the grizzly devoured the salmon.
(How
did the grizzly devour?)
NOT: Hungry and greedy, the grizzly
devoured the salmon.
(Hungry and
greedy are adjectives.)
Suddenly
but quietly,
the
bear plunked down for a nap.
(When
and how did the bear plunk?)
NOT: Sudden and quiet, the bear plunked...
Lucidly and placidly, the gigantic football player meditated into a deep trance near the tranquil pond and cleared his troubled mind.
Skillfully and subversively, the adversary of Harry Potter, Voldemort, eradicated his enemies who plotted against him.
Lazily but gracefully, the lethargic sloth climbed back up the
massive pine tree. (AM class, 2012)
Cleverly
but deviously, Jessie
contrived
an excuse for being late that would placate his mother.(PM class, 2012)
SENTENCE
PATTERN 4: Prepositional phrase,
Independent Clause (Pp, IC.)
This
pattern begins with a prepositional phrase, followed by an independent clause.
Prepositions
begin a phrase that is followed by an object (noun or pronoun).
Examples:
under, before, after, for, to, from, in, out, beneath, at, despite
A
prepositional phrase contains a
preposition and the object of the preposition.
Examples:
under the bed, before school, in
the closet, after the storm
Prepositional
phrases describe nouns or verbs.
Examples:
Under
the bed,
the cat hid from its owner. (Where
did the cat hide?)
After the storm, the sun came
out, forming a rainbow. (When …?)
With great care, the
veterinarian removed the thorn from the tiger's paw.
(How
did the veterinarian remove the thorn?)
If
the prepositional phrase precedes the
IC, it must describe the subject or verb of the IC (not some other noun or verb
in the sentence).
Advanced SP-4: Prepositional phrase, IC DC, IC
Open these links for more help:
SENTENCE
PATTERN 5: Present participial phrase, Independent Clause (Ppp, IC.)
This
pattern begins with a present participial phrase, followed by the independent
clause.
A
present participial phrase begins
with a present participle.
A present participle is a verb form that ends in -ing and functions as an adjective.
In SP-5, the Ppp describes the subject of the IC.
Examples: running, yelling, sleeping, daring, intending, jumping, walking, crying, staggering, strolling, sprinting, wailing, whimpering, bawling, striving, bowling, illuminating, dying, riding, risking
A
present participial phrase has a present participle followed by an adverb(s) or
prepositional phrase or some other words.
Examples:
Running down the hill, the dog chased the cat.
Yelling
loudly,
Bob clung to the broken branch dangling above the river.
Daring
his friend to jump too,
Bert leaped into the swollen river.
Striving to do his best, Johnny Tremain was adept at being a silversmith but became melancholy when his hand was crippled and he was no longer dexterous.
Sailing to Cuba, the affluent Spaniard sold slaves to plantation owners, though some were sent to the slave market in Havana. (AM Class 2012)
Running on the deck of the Moonlight, Ben Stout acted as a liaison between the captain and the crew. (PM Class 2012-13)
Monitoring the ship's inhabitants, ...
Fulfilling the captain's orders, ...
Shouting across the deck, ...
Walking on the deck in the moonlight, ...
Strolling on the deck while becalmed, ...
SENTENCE
PATTERN 6: Past participial phrase, Independent Clause. (Ppp, IC.)
This
sentence pattern is similar to sentence pattern 5, but the participle
is in the past tense (-ed) instead of the present tense (-ing).
Past
participles
are verb forms in the past tense form that
act like
adjectives. Regular
verbs end in -ed.
Examples:
exhausted, famished, stripped, bleached, crazed
These
verbs function as adjectives. They
describe the subject of the IC.
Examples:
Uninhabited a few days earlier,
the shore was now crowded with grizzlies.
WRONG: Crazed with hunger, the shore was lined with grizzlies.
RIGHT: Crazed with hunger, the grizzlies lined the shore.
Exhausted
from fishing all day,
the
bear plunked down for a nap.
Stripped
clean by hungry grizzlies,
salmon
bones
now littered the shore.
Crazed
with jealousy,
Bob raced recklessly to his girlfriend's house
when he
heard Bert was taking her to the dance.
Freed from ignorance and superstition, Enlightenment thinkers postulated that natural laws governed society.
SENTENCE
PATTERN 7: Appositive Phrase, Independent Clause.
(AP, IC. or AP inside the IC.)
This pattern
contains an appositive phrase, followed by the Independent Clause (IC).
An appositive
is a noun or pronoun that renames another noun or pronoun that immediately
precedes or follows it.
Examples:
The grizzly,
a predator, eats fish.
A predator,
the grizzly eats fish.
Sam, my brother, is exasperating.
My brother,
Sam, is exasperating.
Harry Potter,
a character, is well known.
A character ,Harry Potter is
well known.
An appositive can be
used with any noun in the
sentence, not just the subject of the sentence.
Example:
An appositive
phrase contains an appositive and at least one adjective or
a prepositional phrase.
EXAMPLES:
The grizzly, a fearless predator, eats little meat other
than fish.
Sam, my pesky little brother, is exasperating.
My pesky little brother, Sam, is exasperating.
Harry Potter, a character in children’s books, is well
known.
COMMA RULES: Study the above examples.
Notice when and where commas are used.
Commas surround an appositive (phrase) when it comes after the
subject or another noun in the sentence.
When the appositive
(phrase) precedes the IC, it is followed by a comma.
A
fearless predator,
the grizzly eats little meat other than fish.
A
pesky little brother, Sam
is exasperating.
A
well-known author,
A well-known character, Harry Potter is an adventurous
young man.
AM Class Example: John Hancock, an arrogant delegate at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, treated people like they were his lackeys.
HOMEWORK: due Wed. (1st draft) and Friday
(revised copy)
* 10 sentences using SP-7 and vocab. 51-60
* Must relate to SS Ch 3 (and We the People Units 3 and 4)
SENTENCE
PATTERN 8: IC, conjunction IC. (or IC;IC.)
In
this pattern, there are two independent clauses.
Each
independent clause has BOTH a subject and a verb and could stand alone because
they are each complete sentences.
Comma
Rule: Use a comma with a coordinating conjunction (and, or, but) to
join the IC’s or use a semi-colon only.
Examples:
The insatiable grizzly devoured the salmon,
and its belly was soon bulging.
Flamboyant Bob went to the movies, but bashful
Bert
rented a video.
Flamboyant Bob went to the movies; bashful Bert rented a video.
John was asked to deliver an impromptu speech, and his mind raced with
fear.
John was asked to deliver an impromptu speech; his
mind raced with fear.
Ms. Real allowed her students to chew
bubble gum in class, and the principal
fired her for being too
permissive.
Some
ICs have compound subjects or compound verbs but they are not compound sentences
(SP-8). These are NOT SP-8:
S + V + V. (no comma needed) The foolish caveman
killed the mammoth but
spared the saber-tooth tiger's
life!
S + S + V. (no comma needed) The cave-bear and
saber-tooth tiger attacked
the barbaric caveman simultaneously.
IC, but IC. The foolish caveman killed the
mammoth, but
he spared the saber-tooth
tiger's life!
IC; IC. The foolish caveman killed the wooly mammoth; the
mammoth was not an adversary but a meal!
HOMEWORK DIRECTIONS: Relate all five
sentences to any of the five plays or the short stories. Write at least
one sentence for each of the following: IC, and IC. IC, but IC.
IC, or IC. IC; IC.
SENTENCE PATTERN 9: IC, conj adverb, IC.
SP 9 =SP-3 + SP-8!
SP 9 = IC, conjunction adverb, IC.
IC = Independent Clause = a complete sentence with a subject (S) and a verb (V)
Adverb = a word that tells how, when, or where the action (verb) occurs
Comma
Rules:
* Use a comma and a conjunction (and, or, but, so) to join two Independent
Clauses
(IC's).
* When an adverb precedes an IC, use a comma.
EX: Angrily, Bob protested.
Example: Pluto stepped in a puddle, and slowly, murky water permeated his
shoes.
Example: Suddenly, a calamity struck the mid-western town, but everyone
survived the tornado unharmed.
**
You can also reverse this pattern, like this: Adverb, IC, conjunction IC.
Example: Yesterday, a tornado struck the mid-western town, and the
calamity took many lives.
Example: Unknowingly, Bojangles walked into a ghetto, and
suddenly, he was immersed in a world of gangs and graffiti.
* This week, use five unit 9 spelling
words
to write your sentences using SP-9.
1st draft due Wed. Final copy
due Friday (edited, revised, typed or recopied in INK).
SENTENCE PATTERN 10: Adj + adj, IC, conjunction adverb, IC.
SP
10 is a combination of SP 2, 3, and 8!
SP 10 = Adj + adj, IC, conjunction adverb, IC.
SP 10 = Adj + adj, subject + verb, conjunction adverb, subject + verb.
Ex: Gaunt and weak, the model staggered down the runway, and suddenly, she
collapsed.
Ex:
Careful and concerned, Beatrice borrowed her friend's boat, but unfortunately, a
renegade rowboat rammed into it during the raging storm.
EX:
Lonely and depressed, the nomad traveled down a hill on his bike, and hopefully,
he was trying to find a new home.
SENTENCE PATTERN 11: IC + DC (adj clause)
SP
11 = IC + DAC (Dependent Adjective Clause)
DAC = a dependent clause that
begins with a relative pronoun
as the subject
This clause functions as an
adjective because it describes a noun.
Relative Pronoun = a pronoun that relates to a noun in the
IC (any noun): that, which, who, whose, whom
Comma Rules:
1. If the DAC is extra information, use commas
2. If the DAC is essential information, use NO commas
3. If the relative pronoun used is "that," use NO commas.
Ex:
Joe ate a deplorable pizza that was moldy
and it made him sick.
4. If the relative pronoun used is "which," use commas.
Ex: Joe
ate a deplorable pizza, which was moldy, and then
drank a gallon of Gatorade.
5. For who, whose, or whom give it the extra or essential
test.
Ex: Stout,
who was a cruel, sadistic man,
threw a slave overboard.
Cawthorne was another cruel man
who was the captain of the Moonlight.
Ex: Jane read a book that was 500 pages long in
just three days! (Essential info)
Ex: Jane read a book, which was 500 pages long,
and then wrote a book report. (Extra info)
* When you write these sentences for homework, underline the subjects and verbs in both the IC and the DC. Remember, the relative pronoun is the subject of the DC (DAC).
Five sentences due January 10 (1st draft): final revised copy due January 11.
Use vocab words from the approved novel; sentences must relate to the novel.
Underline ALL subjects & verbs in ICs and DCs.
Highlight the DAC in yellow.
Highlight the vocab word in another color.
Use each rule (and relative pronoun) at least once: that, which, who.
SP 12: Adverb Clauses (DC, IC. -or- IC + DC.)
*
An adverb clause is a dependent clause (DC) that tells how, when, where,
or why the action (verb) takes place.
* All clauses have a
subject
and a verb, even DCs.
* An adverb clause begins with
* Comma Rules:
1. If the DC (adverb clause) precedes the IC, use a
comma. (DC, IC.)
2. If the IC precedes the DC (adverb clause), use NO
comma. (IC + DC.)
Examples:
1.
Because he was famished, Bob ate
an entire extra-large pizza. (DC,
IC.) COMMA REQUIRED
2. Bob ate an entire extra-large pizza because
he was an insatiable glutton. (IC + DC.)
NO COMMA
3. The teacher rescinded
her offer to give us ten points after we got
our parent's signature on the test. (IC
+ DC.) NO COMMA
SP
13: Using whom (vs. who or whose)
in Interrogative Sentences
Write questions using whom to rename a noun which
functions as an object in the answer.) Hint: To determine the
parts of speech, write or think about the answer to the question.
What is the subject? Verb? Direct object? (or object of a prepostion)?
These words will play the same role in the question format.
Whom
is always used as a direct object or
the object of a preposition when renaming a person or group of people.
(Otherwise, use what.)
1. Direct object: Use whom to rename the
direct object in a question.
Whom did you
call?
(Answer: I called Joe. Joe is a direct object.)
Whom did you pay for the dance
tickets?
(Answer: I paid Dave for
the dance tickets. Dave is a direct object.)
2. Object of preposition: Use whom to rename the
object of a prepostion.
To whom did you
speak? (NOT: Whom did you speak to?)
(Answer: I spoke to Joe. Joe is the object of a
preposition.)
You gave my
number to whom ?
(Answer: I gave
your number to Joe.)
Example:
Q: Whom are Joe and his friends, a group of
fourteen-year-old athletes, savvy about?
Q: Joe and his friends, a group of fourteen-year-old athletes, are very
savvy about whom?
A: Joe and his friends, a group of fourteen year-old athletes, are very
savvy about soccer players.
*
Who is always used as a subject or a predicate pronoun (a
pronoun that follows the verb). We used who (and that or which)
is SP 11.
Subject of IC: Who called the power company?
Subject of DC: The
person who hit my car should have to pay to fix the damages.
Predicate Pronoun: The electrician is who?
Go
to this Website to find out more about the use of who, whose, and whom:
http://webster.commnet.edu/grammar/pronouns.htm
Find and read Basic Principle #
5. For more help, take one or more of the quizzes at the bottom of this
Website and check your answers. Use the HINTS provided to learn the rules.
SP 14:
Using Who’s and Whose in Interrogative Sentences
Write 2-3 interrogative sentences
(questions) using whose correctly and 2-3 using who’s correctly.
Use one vocabulary word from Week 13 in each sentence.
whose = a possessive pronoun
showing ownership (Whose book is this? This
book is mine.)
who’s = who is (Who’s going to the dance?
Everyone is going to the dance.)
Who = the subject; is = the verb
(The only problem most writers have
with whose is confusing it with who's, which looks like a
possessive but is really the contraction for who is. In the same way that
we should not confuse his with he's (he is) or hers with she's
(she is) or its with it's (it is), we should not confuse whose with who's.)
For example:
Who's
that walking down the street?
Whose coat is this? (This is whose
coat?)
I don't care whose paper this is. It's
brilliant!
Here
are three ways to use speaker tags and quotation marks with dialogue:
1) The speaker tags come before the dialogue:
EX: Mary moaned, "That eerie haunted house gave me
nightmares."
____ _____,
"__________________________________."
2) The speaker tags come after the dialogue:
"That eerie haunted house
gave
me nightmares," moaned
Mary.
" Did that eerie haunted house give you nightmares?" questioned Mary.
"____________________________?" _______ ______.
" That eerie
haunted house gave me nightmares!" exclaimed Mary.
"__________________________________!" ______ ____.
3) The speaker tags come in the middle of the dialogue, in the middle of a
sentence:
EX: "That eerie haunted house," moaned
Mary, "gave me nightmares."
"___________________," ______ ____, "______________."
"___________________," wondered _____, "______________?"
"___________________," declared_____, "______________!"
4) "Sometimes my teacher can be a kibitzer," complained Fred. "She often tells us to go to bed early."
Homework:
Write 6 sentences using Week 15 Vocabulary words (+and one other vocabulary word from the past weeks). Use the four ways described above at least once each. Underline the subjects and verbs in both the dialogue and the speaker tags, e.g."That eerie haunted house gave me nightmares, " moaned Mary. Check for correct placement of quotation marks, commas, periods and capital letters. Make sure each sentence is 12 words or more, including the speaker tags.
SP 16: Using Colons in Sentences to List
Use a colon (:) in a sentence when listing objects, people, places, activities, etc.
NEVER use a colon AFTER a VERB or PREPOSITION!
Never place a colon between the subject and the verb.
Example:
We need the following items for school: pens, paper, pencils, and scissors.
Wrong: For school we need: pens,
paper, pencils, and scissors.
Why? When the list immediately
follows a verb, no colon is needed.
Example:
Robin Williams impersonates these people: Bill Clinton,
George Bush, and Bill Gates.
Wrong: Robin Williams impersonates:
Bill Clinton, George Bush, and Bill Gates.
Why? When the list immediately
follows a verb, no colon is needed.
Example: Many people work in government positions: members of the judicial branch, heads of the president's cabinets, and representatives in Congress. (Use parallel structure. See SP-18)
Example:
Proper etiquette includes the following: listen to others,
raise your hand to speak, and wait to
be called on.
Wrong: Proper etiquette includes:
listening to others, raising your hand to speak, and waiting
to be called on.
Why? When the list immediately
follows a verb, no colon is needed.
SP 16 Using Colons to List (in Parallel Structure):
Here are some materials that are inflexible: a piece (of wood), a slab (of granite), and a block (of cement).
Many activities occur in a ghetto: basketball, bootlegging, and gambling.
These chores are very mundane: doing laundry, emptying the trash, vacuuming the carpet, and washing the dishes.
Sentence Pattern 17: Using Parallel Structure
Copy and paste this lesson into your Lang. Arts spiral (grammar section) and do the "Homework" exercises below.
Parallel Structure
For additional help using parallel structure, see Capital Community
College Guide to Grammar and Writing http://webster.commnet.edu/grammar/parallelism.htm
Coordinated ideas must use the same verb tense or structure. (These examples are taken from PUSD's Writing Manuel.)
| Wrong: | We learned how to change a tire, shift sixteen gears, and once almost ran the truck off the road. |
| Correct: | We learned how to change a tire, shift sixteen gears, and keep the truck from running off the road. |
| (All the infinitives and direct objects are parallel.) | |
| Wrong: | I have mowed the lawn, washed the dog, rescued our hamster, and gone to the store all in one day. |
| Correct: | I mowed the lawn, washed the dog, rescued our hamster, and went to the store all in one day. |
| (All the verbs are parallel) | |
| Wrong: | Water skiing no longer interests me as much as going scuba diving. |
| Correct: | Water skiing no longer interests me as much as scuba diving. |
When
you include two or more similar thoughts in the same sentence, they should be
constructed in a similar way. Similar construction is called "parallel
structure." There are many
situations when parallel structure is used. Here's a few:
1. If one item in a series is listed as a prepositional phrase, the others
should be in a prepositional phrase also.
GOOD example: After a game of soccer, Bob quaffs a gallon
of
Gatorade, a quart
of
Quencher, and a pint
of
prune juice.
NOT:
...Bob quaffs a gallon
of Gatorade,
a quart of Quencher,
and some prune juice.
AM example: Bill was so famished that he could eat the hind leg of a cow, the tongue of a pig, and the brain of a monkey.
PM example: The hostile mercenary
was as sneaky as James Bond, as
delirious as a drunken hobo, and as merciless as the Grim Reaper.
2. If one clause of a sentence is in ACTIVE voice, the other clause should
also be in ACTIVE voice (not PASSIVE), i.e. all clauses should be in the same
voice, ACTIVE or PASSIVE.
GOOD example: Bob
participated
in three events and won
awards in all three.
NOT: Bob
participated
in three events and was awarded
a prize
in all three.
AM example: An alien immigrated to
America and applied for citizenship. WRONG: An
alien immigrated (active voice)
to America and was given citizenship
(passive voice).
PM example: The fickle
teacher impetuously offered
to give her PM students a hundred dollars each if they
washed
her car, but she
rescinded the offer when the
principal offered
to buy her a new Mercedes Benz.
(IC + DC, but IC + DC.)
3. If listing a series of actions (verbs) in a sentence, use the same verb
tense.
Example: Whenever he
feels
melancholy, Bob runs
on the beach, plays
tennis, sees
an upbeat movie, or calls
a friend. (All verbs are in
present
tense.)
NOT: ..., Bob
runs
on the beach, plays
tennis, saw
an upbeat movie, or calls
a friend. (Saw
is in past tense.)
4. There are lots of other situations in writing that require parallel
structure. It's hard to classify all of them. Here's a few other
examples of parallel structure.
Right: Fearing failure, Bob began
trembling,
sweating, and
vomiting.
Wrong: ..., Bob began
trembling,
sweating, and
he
vomited.
Right: Because Bob became an investigative reporter, he asked
where
the
accident occurred,
when
it occurred, and why
it
occurred.
Wrong: ...., he asked
where
the accident occurred, when
it occurred, and the reason
it occurred.
SP 17 Homework: Underline the correct ending for each sentence below.
1. The movie Catch Me If You Can featured a character who was
daring, racy, and...
(a) ...intelligent. (b) ...used his intelligence.
2. Leonardo DiCaprio portrayed a charlatan who impersonated others,
accepted jobs he was not qualified to do, and... (a) ...put others
in perilous situations. (b)...others were put in perilous situations.
3. Before the 10-mile run began, Fritz ate a protein bar and...
(a)...quaffed a jug of Gatorade. (b)...will quaff a jug
of Gatorade.
4. "Don't mock me and ... (a) ...don't mock others," warned the
principal. (b)...it's not nice to mock others," warned the
principal.
5. Finding herself in a perilous predicament, Porsha decided she should
retrace her steps, find a map,and..
(a)...take a safer
route. (b)...a safer route was found.
SP 18: Writing Similes & Metaphors
Write a sentence for each vocabulary word which uses a simile or metaphor. Each sentence must have 12+ words. Edit all spelling, punctuation, capitalization. Use vocabulary words meaningfully. Highlight or box vocab. word.
Examples:
Simile: My teacher
gives
as much advice as a
kibitzer because she tells us every day
to work hard and prioritize
academics.
Metaphor: My teacher
is a kibitzer who
tells us every day to work hard and prioritize academics.
Simile: The clouds
were
like white snow balls, dancing
across the sky..
Metaphor: The clouds were white snow balls,
dancing across the sky.
| 1. Add an apostrophe and an s to form the possessive of singular nouns, even if the noun ends in s: | |||||
|
Bob Dylan’s voice |
the kiss’s meaning |
Dickens’s novels |
|||
| 2. Add only an apostrophe to form the possessive of plural nouns ending in s. If the plural does not end in s, add ‘s to form the possessive: | |||||
|
the Joneses’ father |
the Padres’ last game |
children’s library |
|||
|
3. For the possessive form of a compound noun or an indefinite pronoun, place an apostrophe and an s after the last word: |
|||||
|
mother-in-law’s apartment |
Secretary of State’s telephone |
||||
|
everybody’s |
someone else’s |
anyone’s |
|||
| 4. Possessive personal pronouns (his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs and the relative pronoun whose) do not require an apostrophe. | |||||
| Remember that the word immediately before the apostrophe is the owner: | |||||
|
parent’s car = one parent owns |
boss’ office = one boss owns |
||||
|
parents’ car = two parents own |
bosses’ office = many bosses own |
||||
| 5. When ownership is shared, the apostrophe is also shared; use the possessive form only on the last item in a series to indicate shared ownership: | |||||
|
|||||
| 6. When ownership is individual, each noun in a series gets its own individual apostrophe and s: | |||||
|
|||||
SP-20 = SP-18 Using Parallel Structure + SP-19 Using Possessive Nouns
Write five sentences that use possessive nouns (SP-19) AND parallel structure (SP-18). Review each of these sentence patterns above and study the examples below.
EXAMPLES:
1. John Steinbeck's novel,The
Pearl, contains many examples
of imagery and illustrates
multiple themes.
2. My three friends' favorite
sports are snowboarding at Big
Bear, snorkeling in La Jolla, and
playing basketball at the YMCA.
3. The Secretary of Defense's responsibilities are to serve as a liaison between the military and the president and advise the president on military preparedness.