Note:  All students can complete the study guide for points (You do not need to be signed up for the challenge exam to get these points).  We will be going over the study guide during class, and reviewing for the challenge exam.  Please print this out, and bring to class 5-21-08.

STUDY GUIDE:

Part I-

1.  What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

2.  What are the monomers (building blocks) of proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids?

3.  What are the major functions of the above major macromolecules?

4.  What are enzymes?  How do they work?  What factors affect enzyme activity?

5.  What is DNA?  What is a nucleotide?  What makes up the sides of the DNA ladder and the steps of the ladder?

6.  Describe Replication.  Describe Transcription and Protein synthesis.

7.  What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

8.  A segment of DNA (a gene) reads:  ATTCGCTAGACT    Replicate and Transcribe this segment of DNA.   

9. What is a Plasmid?  How is it used in Biotechnology?

10. What is Transformation?   What type of cells are usually used in a Transformation?

11.  Using the Human Insulin gene describe how E.coli bacteria and plasmids can be used to clone the Human Insulin gene and make gene product (Insulin) for human use.  (use these terms:  Plasmid, Restriction enzymes, Ligase, Antibiotic resistance, recombinant DNA, transformation)

12.  What is a DNA fingerprint?  Draw a picture of a gel and 3 DNA fingerprints- show where smaller and larger fragments would migrate.

13.  In the world of Biotechnology, what does ELISA stand for?  Explain what this Assay (test) is used for.

14.  What does GMP stand for?  How is the FDA (Food and Drug Administration associated with this word?

15.  What is the difference between Accuracy and Precision?  Describe using an example and or diagram. 

16.  What is the difference between a Liter and a milliliter?

17.  Explain crossing over (gene swapping).  Why is this significant?  Why is genetic variation important?  What is gene linkage?

18. Explain Mendel's Laws--Segregation, Independent Assortment.

A.  PKU: autosomal recessive.  Two parents with normal phenotypes find out their baby tests positive for PKU.  Show the parents how this could happen.  Let them know the likelihood this will happen again should they have another child.  Tell them the prognosis.

B.  Sickle-cell anemia: autosomal recessive.  A woman whose father had sickle-cell anemia, and man whose mother had sickle-cell anemia, want to know the chance that their baby will have sickle cell anemia.  Show, using punnet squares, the possibilities.  Tell them the prognosis if their child does have sickle-cell.

C.  Colorblindness: X-linked. A woman with normal vision whose mother had colorblindness, and man with no known colorblindness in his family, want to know the chance that their baby boy has colorblindness.  Show, using punnet squares, the possibility.

D.  Huntington's disease: autosomal dominant.  A man just found out that his father has Huntington's disease.  What are his chances of having the disease?  

Part II-

1. What are the most abundant atoms of living things?
2. Draw a Carbon atom.  Label the nucleus, protons, neutrons, electrons.
3. Define the following terms:

Homeostasis
4. Describe homeostasis using temperature as an example, and insulin and glucagons as an example.

Blood  
5. What is the basic composition of blood?  What does each component do?

Immunology:
6. What is a antigen?
7. Describe the non-specific immune system
8. Describe the specific immune system (cell mediated response, antibody mediated response)
9. What are allergies?  How is inflammation involved?
10. What are autoimmune disorders?
11. How are allergies, inflammation and autoimmune disorders related?
12. How do vaccinations work?  Why do you need booster shots?

  Viruses
13. Describe a typical virus.
14. Why is it debatable whether a virus is "living" or "nonliving"?