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Final Exam Notes

These notes may be helpful in studying, but they definitely do NOT include all of the information you need. Study!

Anglo-Saxon history:

•      First to inhabit England were Iberians (Spain, Portugal)

•      Anglo-Saxons known as war smiths

•      Anglo-Saxons arrived, divided into: Celts (farmers, hunters), Gaels and Brythons, Picts (Scotland).

•      Caesar came in 55 B.C

•  

•      First Roman Emperor to invade: Caesar, and the first to successfully conquer was Claudius

•      Romans bring about roads, baths, aqueducts, architecture and Christianity

•      Anglo-Saxons believed in fate (paganism) or “wyrd” prior to the Romans landing. After, they blended both belief systems.

•      Danes invade in 9th-12th century (Vikings)

•      1st great king was Alfred the Great who was responsible for bringing peace to England

•      Norman Conquest (Battle of Hastings) occurs in 1066 with William of Normandy attacking and bringing about Feudalism

The Seafarer

•        This is an elegy, (mournful) poem showing the turmoil of life.

•        Found in the Exeter Book

•        Shows loneliness and isolation of seafarers during Anglo-Saxon times

•        Ends in the form of a prayer

•        Combines both paganism and Christianity

•        Includes examples of kenning (metaphor)

•        “wyrd” = Anglo-Saxon for fate

•    Caesura = pause within a poem

Beowulf

•        Opens with a conflict, (Hrothgar’s mead hall Herot was attacked)

•       Beowulf is from Geatland (now Sweden)

•        Told in the form of an epic poem, (long and heroic)

•        Includes examples of caesura (pauses) and kenning

•        Beowulf comes to help out of a sense of duty

•       Herot was made of gold and wouldn’t burn

•       Watchman 1st to come across Beowulf

•        Beowulf considered one of the strongest and mightiest warriors in his land.

•        Grendel stalked Hrothgar’s men and killed them.

•        Hrothgar is King of the Danes

•        Grendel described as “Born of Cain”

•        Poem shows both Christian and Pagan beliefs.

•        Herot stands abandoned for 12 years

•       Hrothgar is Healfdane’s son

•       Beowulf sails to Denmark with 14 men, encounters the Danish watchman first

•        Beowulf awaits for Grendel in the mead hall.

•         He cuts off his arm and hangs it in the rafters

•        Grendel returns to his cave.

•        Beowulf dives underwater to Grendel’s mother’s cave.

•        He is saved by his mail shirt and a magical sword on the wall

•        Beowulf’s men thought he was dead. Emerges victorious.

•        Beowulf’s last fight is against a dragon.

•        Beowulf ruled Geatland for 50 years. Dragon stole the men’s treasure, Beowulf is determined to recapture it.

•        Only one of Beowulf’s men aid him as he loses this battle. He is Wiglaf, Wexstan’s son.

•        Beowulf dies in the fight. Laid to rest in a funeral pyre. A tower is made to honor him.

•        It was assumed the Geats all perished afterwards.

•        Scops would recite the story of Beowulf

•        Geatland is now known as Sweden

The Wanderer

•        A tale of separation and exile.

•       Isolation is a big theme

•      Man must hide their sorrow

•        Shows the loss of this warrior’s gold lord (hlaford)

•        Elements of Paganism and Christianity

•       Reflects the dark, pessimistic attitude of this era.

•       (Bede was responsible for collecting material to place in the Exeter Book)

Sir Gawain

•        Piece begins in Camelot, King Arthur’s castle

•        His knights of the round table were supposed to be the bravest in the land. Knights lived by a code of honor, defending their king at all cost, while living an honorable life.

•        Green Knight rides in with a proposal.

•        No one dares to accept his proposal, Arthur is forced to step up until Sir Gawain insists on helping.

•       Shows he is a coward by not trading gifts, kisses wife, and flinches

•        The Green Knight’s challenge: striking an axe towards another man’s neck, should he live, the Green Knight will do the same in a year and a day.

•        Gawain cuts the Green Knight’s head clean off. The Green Knight picks up his head, rides off, announcing he will see Gawain in a year.

•        Gawain seeks the Green Knight. Spends the night at someone’s house.  (The Green Knight in disguise). They exchange gifts, but Gawain keeps the green girdle. He also kisses the other man’s wife, commits 2 dishonorable acts.

•        The next day he faces the Green Knight. Gawain wears the girdle to protect himself. On the Green Knight’s first blow, Gawain flinches. On the second, the Green Knight hits, but the girdle helps protect Sir Gawain and only a drop of blood is shed. The Green Knight then exposes Gawain for the fraud he is. Gawain has to return to Camelot and tell Arthur of his cowardice.

Canterbury Tales

•        29 pilgrims went to Canterbury

•        Pilgrimage is to honor Sir Thomas Beckett, killed by the king’s knights

•        Story is told in iambic pentameter. Divided into frames, (a story within a story)

•        Pilgrimage begins in London, ends in Canterbury

•       The first person introduced is the knight, (nobility)

•        The Monk was known for his wealth, expensive clothes and his love of hunting.

•        The Friar only associated with the rich.

•        The Cook made excellent food, had an ulcer on his knee.

•       The Wife of Bath had 5 husbands. She had large hips, and gapped teeth.

•       The Miller was a “Chap of sixteen stone”, played the bagpipes.

•        Doctor knew astronomy

•       The Nun had impeccable eating manners. Had dogs at her side.

•       Last person mentioned is the host.

Nun’s Priest’s Tale

•        Frame story

•        Revolves around the story of a poor widow’s rooster called Chanticleer.

•        Chanticleer had 7 hens, most noteworthy was Pertilote.

•        Chanticleer awakens to a bad dream one night of being chased by a hound. He is told by his wife that dreams are due    to “vapors”, bad indigestion and she gives him some laxatives.

•        Chanticleer advises her to pay attention to dreams; recalls in various frames, examples of what happened when people   don’t pay attention to their dreams.

•        In midst tale, he is grabbed by a fox, yet outwits the fox through flattery.

The Pardoner’s Tale

•        A tale of three rioters (drunk men)

•        Searching for death (black plague)

•        Come across an old man who tells them of great treasure under a tree, (death).

•        They all need provisions to make it through the night, one man heads into town for bread and wine. He buys poison instead. The other 2 plan to kill him when he returns, they end up drinking the wine after they kill him and also die.

•       Moral: greed is the root of all evil.

Everyman

•        Everyman represents the common man.

•        He is summoned to God by Death

•        Morality Play

•        Begs for a life extension of 12 years.

•        Everyman is deserted by fellowship, Kindred and Goods.

•        Good Deeds are the only thing to accompany him to Heaven.

Hamlet

Act I Scene I

·    This opening scene is full of atmosphere of thick mists and ghosts.

·    On the battlements of Castle Elsinore, Bernardo arrives to relieve Francisco of his watch.  Horatio and Marcellus arrive and greet Francisco. They talk of the ghost they have seen ‘this apparition’.

·    Marcellus has invited Horatio to come and see the ghost for himself. Horatio doubts the men’s reports, but before Bernardo can reaffirm what he has seen, the ghost appears. Horatio admits that he can see the ghost himself and he recognizes it as the recently deceased King Hamlet.

·    The ghost reappears and Horatio calls out for it to stay, but with the coming of the dawn, the ghost disappears just as the darkness gives way to light.

·    They decide that Prince Hamlet should be informed.

·    The bulk of the play takes place within the walls of Elsinore Castle, which Hamlet later describes as a prison.  The walls of the castle will witness many cruel deeds, which will have a dramatic influence on all those contained within the walls.

·    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUCuyl_V530&feature=relate

Scene II

·    Claudius announces that Norway would view Denmark’s long mourning for the dead King as a sign of weakness, so he has assumed the throne and married Gertrude, King Hamlet’s widow, so that Denmark can be strong against the impending invasion.

·    Claudius sends the Norwegian Ambassadors to Fortinbras’ uncle informing him that Fortinbras intends to invade Denmark and he hopes he can avoid war.

·    Both the King and Queen are concerned at Hamlet’s continuing depression

·    Hamlet’s first soliloquy in which he moans at having been born, saying ‘melt, thaw and resolve itself into dew’. Of course to even consider suicide is a cardinal sin, and Hamlet only wishes suicide because he cannot continue to watch his mother involved in her vile incest with his uncle.

·    Horatio, Marcellus and Bernardo come to Hamlet to tell him about the ghost they have seen.  He agrees to watch that night in case the ghost walks again.

·    Claudius is scheming and uses his words carefully.

·    tormenting Hamlet is the incest between Claudius and Gertrude.  Although in this day and age this is not regarded as incest, sexual intimacy between a brother and sister-in-law, in Elizabethan England was. At the time of writing Hamlet, the laws had only just been changed, and here we see Shakespeare voicing his own Roman Catholic views by stating that this relationship is incest. Hamlet clearly blames Claudius for the seduction of his mother, who he merely mistrusts.

·    Horatio advises that the ghost appeared mournful, which supports belief that the ghost will be a true spirit reinforcing his belief that there has been some foul play.

·     

Scene III

·    Laertes prepares to leave the castle and head for Paris

·    He advises Ophelia, his sister, to reject Hamlet’s advances explaining that Hamlet only considers her as a plaything.

·    Polonius regards his daughter, Ophelia, as an item of property, whose sole purpose is to bring honor and fortune to his family. Hamlet, he fears, would just use her.

Scene IV

·    Hamlet meets with Horatio and Marcellus on the battlements of the castle.

·    They can hear the revelry from the castle below and the Prince disapproves of the King’s drunkenness. He considers that this reflects badly on all Danes. 

·    the ghost arrives. 

·    Hamlet wonders if the ghost ‘airs from heaven or blasts from hell?  Hamlet recognizes the ghost as his father and asks the ghost to speak. 

·    The ghost beckons Hamlet to follow and his comrades ask him to be cautious.  Hamlet follows.

Scene V

·    The ghost of King Hamlet tells his son to listen to what he has to say.

·    His time is short for he must return to purgatory, but he needs to tell his son his sad tale, and he charges the Prince to avenge his murder. 

·    Claudius has seduced the Queen and whilst he was asleep, poured lethal poison into his ear. The poison curdled King Hamlet’s blood, robbing him of his life and absolution. 

·    The Ghost goes on to instruct young Hamlet to leave Gertrude’s fate to heaven. The ghost exits.

·    Hamlet returns to Horatio and Marcellus and makes them take an oath to tell no one what they have seen. He tells Horatio secretly that he will pretend to be mad in order to spy on his mother and uncle.

·    Hamlet’s visitation confirms his worse fears that Claudius murdered his father, which in these times was a severe atrocity.

·    Hamlet is now faced with the inescapable fact that he must kill Claudius to avenge his father. He is annoyed and frustrated at the actions of his apparently, simple mother, saying ‘Frailty, thy name is woman’

·    Hamlet intends to feign madness, which will hopefully render him invisible so that he can obtain information about the deceit and dishonesty of his mother and uncle.

·    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpZM32qaT3w

Act II

Scene I-II

·    Ophelia tells her father that she has just met with Hamlet and he was acting in a most peculiar fashion.

·    Polonius thinks that Hamlet is mad over the love of his daughter

·    Polonius decides to take this information to the King

·    King Claudius has summoned two of Hamlet’s school chums, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to spy on Hamlet, as he is concerned about his welfare. The two friends agree

·    Polonius enters and claims to have the answer to Prince Hamlet’s affliction and he will elaborate later, but Claudius has to attend to the Norwegian Ambassadors.

·    The ailing King of Norway has managed to restrain his nephew, young Fortinbras from invading Denmark provided that he can obtain safe passage through Denmark in order to invade Poland.

·    Polonius asserts that Hamlet is mad and he bases this on a letter he has confiscated from his daughter from Prince Hamlet.  He tells Claudius and Gertrude that he has forbidden Ophelia to liaise with the Prince and this has led to poor Hamlet’s madness.

·    Ophelia hopes to meet with Hamlet in order to return his gifts of love.  Polonius suggests that he and Claudius should spy on this meeting. Claudius agrees, just as Hamlet enters, so Polonius says that he will speak to Hamlet himself.

·     Hamlet makes a fool of Polonius. Polonius leaves and Hamlet’s two school friends enter and Hamlet greets them as his ‘excellent good friends’.  He tells them that Denmark is a prison. Hamlet quizzes them and eventually they admit that the King and Queen have asked them to spy on him.

·    Rosencrantz announces that a troupe of traveling players has arrived and this alters Hamlet’s mood as he welcomes the diversion. 

·    They intend to enact a performance of ‘The Murder of Gonzago’ and Hamlet tells them that he would like them to include some additional lines, which they agree to. The enhanced scene will re-enact the murder that the ghost has described, and Hamlet will watch Claudius to see if he acts in a guilty fashion. 

·     This will prove to Hamlet once and for all, what foul deed befell his father.

Act III

Scene I

·    Claudius asks Rosencrantz and Guildenstern about Hamlet’s madness. They respond by saying that they are not sure what the reason is for his madness.

·    Hamlet is excited at the forthcoming play.

·    Gertrude is asked to leave so that Claudius and Polonius can spy on Hamlet when he meets Ophelia.

·    The Queen meets Ophelia and expresses her wish that they should repair their broken romance so that Hamlet can get on with his life.

·    Polonius greets Ophelia and tells her to pretend to be reading while she waits for Hamlet to arrive.  Hamlet enters speaking his ‘To be or not to be’ soliloquy. He then sees Ophelia reading, and assumes that she is praying for him. She responds by saying that she wishes to return his gifts of love to her. He replies by saying that he did not give her any gifts much to her consternation. These were gifts given to her with words of love and she is deeply hurt by Hamlet’s response.  He goes on to deny that he ever loved her, and he suggests that she is lying.  He tells her that all men are untrustworthy knaves and that she should go to a nunnery.

·    Hamlet knows he is being spied upon and he abruptly asks Ophelia where her father is. She replies that he is at home.  Enraged, Hamlet curses her, and again tells her to go to a nunnery.  He states that women are two-faced and untrustworthy and deserve to be cast aside.  He leaves.

·    Ophelia considers Hamlet has descended into complete madness.  Claudius and Polonius join her. Claudius doubts that it is love that has made him mad. He suspects there is more to this show than meets the eye. He tells Polonius that it may be necessary to exile Hamlet to England, but Polonius is still convinced that it is love that affects Hamlet so, and suggests that Claudius makes one more attempt to establish the reason for Hamlet’s behavior.

·    Claudius sees through Hamlet’s façade, and considers him a potential threat

·    Polonius suggest that the King should send Hamlet to Gertrude that evening and Polonius will spy on them. Gertrude should try and persuade Hamlet to open his heart to her. Claudius agrees.

Act III

Scene II

·    It is now clear to Claudius that Hamlet is a real threat, and he must regain control over his court and his people. He cannot have Hamlet harmed here in Denmark, so he asks Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to take Hamlet to England.

·    Polonius arrives saying that Hamlet is on his way to Gertrude’s quarters and that he will spy on them.

·    Claudius goes to his private chapel and admits his guilt, but is unable to request forgiveness because he still wishes to keep his position.  He asks help from God to give him a softened heart in order that he can ask forgiveness.

·    Hamlet enters and considers killing Claudius, but holds back.  His father languishes in purgatory. If he were to kill Claudius now, he would go straight to heaven, having confessed his sins, with a clean soul. 

Scene III

·    Polonius arrives in Gertrude’s bedroom and hides behind a tapestry.  Polonius tells Gertrude to be completely forthright with her son.

·    Hamlet arrives and Gertrude scolds her son for offending his father, meaning Claudius.  Hamlet responds by saying that she has badly offended his father, meaning King Hamlet. Hamlet bullies Gertrude and she fears for her life, and Polonius makes a reaction from behind the tapestry.  Hamlet draws his sword and thrusts it through the wall-hanging killing Polonius.  Hamlet lifts the tapestry expecting to see Claudius, but there is Polonius instead. Hamlet turns on Gertrude saying that his father was God-like, full of courage and that Claudius is like an infection in King Hamlet’s ear.  He accuses his mother of gross sexual wantonness. Gertrude begs him to leave.

·    Just then, Hamlet sees the ghost of his father, but Gertrude sees nothing and thinks that her son is hallucinating.  Hamlet says he is not mad, and he begs her to confess her guilt to him, and to heaven. At least she should stop sleeping with Claudius and prevent him from ‘paddling in your neck with his damned fingers’. 

·    He asks his mother whether she knows that he is to be sent to England with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern who he mistrusts.  He suspects that Claudius means him harm. She confesses that she is aware of the exile and then Hamlet exits, pulling Polonius’ body behind hi

Act IV

Scene I

·    Claudius joins Gertrude, who exclaims that she has just witnessed a horror.  Her son has gone completely mad like a storm at sea, and has killed Polonius. 

·     Claudius realizes that it could have been him hiding behind the tapestry and deplores Hamlet’s violence. He is worried about what to tell the court concerning Polonius’ death, and resolves that Hamlet must be banished and calls to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to escort Hamlet out of Denmark

Act IV

Scene II-III

·    The main issue here is now the whereabouts of Polonius’ body.  Rosencrantz and Guildenstern have been sent to find Hamlet and, therefore, the body. Hamlet calls them mere sponges and parasites of the court. They are far beneath him, the sons of a King. 

·    In front of the full court, Claudius feigns concern over his nephew because he is so popular with the people.  However, he must be punished for Polonius’ death, and sent into exile.

·    Guildenstern and the guards bring Hamlet in, and Claudius demands to know where the body is.  Hamlet again uses his skill in words to confuse the situation. He tells a story concerning a worm, saying that worms eat all bodies in the ground, and just as a fisherman eats a fish that has eaten a worm that was in the grave of a king, every man can progress through the guts of a beggar.  He tells Claudius that not even a messenger from heaven could tell him where the body of the old man is because Polonius is certainly in hell, but that in about a month’s time, the smell up the stairs into the lobby will reveal the whereabouts of the body.  Attendants leave to retrieve Polonius’ body and Claudius tells Hamlet that a boat awaits to take him to England.

·    The King muses to himself that England will finish the Prince quickly, as they owe him a favor.

Scene IV

·    During their voyage to the port, Hamlet and his keepers see Fortinbras leading his army through Denmark to Poland.  They will fight over land worth virtually nothing to anybody, and Hamlet wonders at the troops leaving their homes and families to fight over nothing.

Scene V

·    Ophelia has become totally deranged and wanders the castle singing fragments of songs concerning death, chaos and unrequited love. 

·    Gertrude refuses to see Ophelia until Horatio points out that her strange behavior may attract undue attention.  Both the King and Queen try to help her without success.  They conclude that her father’s death has driven her mad.

·    Horatio is given the task of watching her and he concludes that Elsinore Castle has been plagued with troubles of late.

·    Laertes arrives and is concerned that Polonius was buried in secret and means to incite a riot.  He angrily confronts Claudius, but he placates Laertes by saying that he will ensure that there is satisfaction obtained for Polonius’ death. Laertes is concerned over his sister’s condition.  She distributes flowers amongst those that are present and continues singing incoherently.

Scene VI

·    Horatio receives letters from Hamlet saying that their ship was beset by pirates and that he was taken captive and brought back to Denmark. He has been well treated. He has promised the pirates a favor in return. He has one letter for the King and asks this to be delivered immediately, and then Horatio is to meet him.

Act V

Scene I

·    Two gravediggers discuss their work for the day and wonder whether the grave they prepare for a drowned woman should be in this hallowed ground.  Because she has committed suicide she is not worthy of salvation.

·    Hamlet and Horatio enter and ask one of the gravediggers who is being buried.  There then follows an exchange of witty retorts and Hamlet is unable to get a straight answer from the gravedigger.  In this part of the burial ground there are bones and skulls scattered everywhere. Hamlet picks up a skull and asks a gravedigger to whom it might belong. He replies by saying it is Yorick’s, the King’s jester. Hamlet says ‘Alas poor Yorick, I knew him well’.  He was a man of infinite jest.

·    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=07ej4zNlhpU

·    Hamlet returns to the subject of worms and that men are all worm meat, and the fact that there is equality in death. 

·    A group of mourners arrives, led by the King, Queen and Laertes, and although they are on hallowed ground, the funeral will not be in full Christian rite.  Laertes argues with the priest over Ophelia’s burial, as the priest refuses to perform a Mass.

·    Hamlet watches the Queen spread flowers over the coffin, saying ‘I hoped thou shouldst have been my Hamlet’s wife’. Hamlet now realizes that it is Ophelia who lies dead in the casket and he attacks Laertes. The two struggle and argue over who loved Ophelia the best, and eventually servants separate them.

·    Claudius promises Laertes immediate satisfaction for this insult and charges Horatio to look after Hamlet.

Scene II

·    The opening of the scene shows us a more relaxed Hamlet, who is clear in his mind what he has to do in order to obey his father’s wishes.

·    He conveys to Horatio the actual events regarding his voyage to England. Whilst Rosencrantz and Guildenstern were asleep, Hamlet searched through their belongings and discovered letters addressed to the English King.  He carefully opened these and found that Claudius has requested the King of England to imprison and behead Hamlet as quickly as possible.  Hamlet hands the letters to Horatio. Hamlet composed a second set of letters in the same style, but these ordered Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to be killed.  These letters he sealed with father’s State seal, which he still carries. Horatio is horrified at the behavior of Claudius and Hamlet reminds him that Claudius usurped the throne, made his mother a whore, and robbed Hamlet of his birthright when he poisoned King Hamlet.  Hamlet assures Horatio that he will now work quickly to eliminate the King before news is received from England.

·    Osric, a courtier, enters and asks Hamlet to attend the court and duel with Laertes.  The King has wagered that Hamlet will win.  Hamlet tells Osric that he will accept the challenge.

·    Horatio is uneasy about the duel and asks Hamlet to take care, but Hamlet intends to face his destiny.

·    The scene is set for the duel and the King calls the two parties together, and they clasp hands.  Hamlet requests that Laertes forgives his earlier acts of madness and says that he also regrets the death of Polonius. Laertes responds by saying that he bears Hamlet no grudge.

·    Osric brings in the swords and Laertes makes sure he chooses the poisoned sword for himself.  The King sets out wine for the duelists and holds up the cup intended for Hamlet. 

·    The two commence their duel and Hamlet wins the first strike.  Claudius holds up Hamlet’s goblet and takes a drink and drops a pearl, his gift to Hamlet, into the wine. Hamlet wins the second strike and Gertrude states ‘our son shall win’.  She takes Hamlet’s wine, wipes his brow and offers him a drink.  He refuses. Gertrude then toasts her son before Claudius can stop her.

·    The two commence their duel again and this time Hamlet is hit with the poisoned tip of Laertes’ sword.  Both drop their swords and in the scuffle Hamlet grabs Laertes’ sword and Laertes picks up Hamlet’s. Hamlet then hits Laertes with the poisoned sword.  The Queen then falls and she cries out that the drink has poisoned her.

·    Hamlet orders the doors locked so that the King cannot escape. The dying Laertes reveals the plot to Hamlet and in his fury Hamlet runs his sword through Claudius shouting ‘Venom do thy work’. He then takes the remaining poisoned wine and forces it down the King’s throat. 

·    Hamlet and Laertes forgive one another and then Laertes dies. 

·    Hamlet says to Horatio, ‘I am dead.  Tell my story’.

·    Just then Fortinbras arrives after his battle with the Poles, and Hamlet tells Horatio to make sure that the Danish crown passes to Fortinbras.

·    With the words ‘The rest is silence’, Hamlet dies.

·    The English ambassador arrives to disclose that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern have been executed.

·    Hamlet is buried with full military honors and Fortinbras takes control of the kingdom.

·    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k8z4E0_-si4

Seventeenth Century

v     civil war in England between Puritans and the king

v     James I was the first king to dislike the puritans

v     Charles I wanted to start wars against Spain and France

v     Wanted to get rid or Parliment and have supreme power (not popular idea)

v     Charles I was executed, Oliver Cromwell takes palce as Britian’s only dictator

v     Cromwells son briefly takes over after his father

v     two main types of poems and poets: Puritans (religion) Cavaliers (loyal to king)

v     apostrophe: poem written to someone is absent or missing

v     paradox: self contradiction that revels a truth

v     conceit: unusual comparison to something that wouldn’t normally be compared to. also known as an extended metaphor

Gulliver’s Travels

•      Political satire: making fun of politics, laws, etc.

•      Swift uses the example of the cracking of an egg to show the absurdity of the English and the French always fighting. 

•      Lilliputians are in favor of cracking an egg at the lower end. The island of Blefucscu favors the top end. (Represents war between Protestants/ catholics and abuse of power in general).

•      11,000 people die rather than submit to changing the way they will crack an egg.

•      Gulliver lands in Lilliput where the people are only 6” tall, and he sides with their king, dragging all of the Blefuscudians’ boats across. Gulliver refuses to side with the king in enslaving the captive people of Blefuscu. The king is annoyed and wants Gulliver off his island, showing the ignorance of kings.